Apparatus and methods for control of waste treatment processes

ABSTRACT

Waste-treatment processes are enhanced through generation and introduction of specific biological populations customized to perform or favor specific tasks either during the main process, for the formation or precipitation of certain biological nutrients, or to accomplish solids formation reduction in a post-treatment process. These bacteria may be grown from specialized mixes of activated sludge and waste influent by exposing these materials to controlled environments (e.g., in an off-line treatment area). They may then be returned to the main process to perform certain tasks such as converting particulate cBOD into soluble cBOD for utilization, to reduce high solids yield organisms by supplementing the population characteristics with low yield organism characteristics, to provide biological nutrients or oxygenation assistance, to improve nitrification/denitrification efficiency, or to disfavor filamentous biology such as  Norcardia  sp.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/985,265, filed on Nov. 10, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,091), which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/658,575, filed on Sep. 9, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,074), which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/798,313, filed on Mar. 2, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,163). The entire disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to biological treatment of contaminated liquids and effluent, and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for the creation and/or application of customized biology populations to biological processes, such as wastewater treatment.

2. Description of the Related Art

Before being discharged to the environment, contaminated waters from municipal, commercial, and industrial sources frequently must be treated to prevent harmful impacts. The treatment processes used are numerous and varied. A rudimentary conventional process is shown in FIG. 1. The treatment process often begins with a coarse removal step 110, in which the waste influent is typically treated by screening and grit removal processes. In some treatment processes, the coarse removal step 110 is followed by a surge tank or lagoon, sometimes known as an equalization tank or a flow equalization vessel (not shown), to provide hydraulic inventory and reduce flow surges through the treatment process. The coarse removal step 110 can be then followed by the removal of sludge and solids in a primary clarifier 112. Frequently the sludge from the primary clarifier 112 is partially consumed in a digester 114, which recycles clear effluent back to the start of the process and diverts the unconsumed sludge to disposal.

In some processes the clear effluent overflow from the primary clarifier 112 is stored in a flow equalization vessel (not shown). Such a vessel is used to provide inventory and to reduce flow surges through the treatment process. This clear effluent overflow from the clarifier may be mixed with activated sludge and aerated in an aeration unit 118 before being fed to a secondary clarifier 120 for secondary treatment. In some processes the aeration unit 118 has insufficient capacity to provide sufficient oxygen to meet the biological metabolism requirements of the microorganisms present in the waste stream. Such processes would benefit from additional oxygenation capacity.

The clear effluent overflowing the secondary clarifier 120 may be disinfected by a disinfecting unit 122, which may apply, for example, chlorine or UV light, and discharged to a local waterway as effluent. The solids from the secondary clarifier 120 are generally thickened, e.g., by a filter press 124 and then sent off for disposal.

Biological processes are commonly used for the elimination of contaminants in the secondary treatment portion of the process, and may take many forms. They generally involve exposure of the waste stream to one or more forms of microorganisms that stabilize or digest various contaminants. The microorganisms to be favored by the particular treatment process implemented are chosen to complement the waste stream in terms of content, strength, the biochemical and chemical environment used for treatment, and the specific effluent requirements. For example, the activated sludge process utilizes aerobic bacteria that remove the soluble biological oxygen demand (BOD) from wastewater. Practice of this process generally involves conducting wastewater into an aeration basin containing a suspension of digestive microorganisms, thereby forming a “mixed liquor” that is aerated to furnish oxygen for consumption of the BOD, the formation of new biomass, and the respiration of biomass maintained in inventory; the biomass sorbs, assimilates and metabolizes the BOD of the wastewater. After a suitable period of aeration, the mixed liquor is introduced into the secondary clarifier, in which the biomass settles, allowing the treated wastewater to overflow into an outlet effluent stream. All or a portion of the biomass separated from the effluent in 120 is returned to 118 to treat additional influent.

The BOD provided by the waste acts as “food” for the microorganisms. The BOD may be measured and reported as total BOD that includes both nitrogenous (NBOD) and carbonaceous oxygen demand (cBOD) or separately as NBOD and cBOD. This BOD, especially the cBOD, may be present in particulate or soluble form. The propensity of a given organism to metabolize a particular form of NBOD or cBOD and the rate at which this is done are determined by both the local environmental conditions and the number of organisms of similar type. In addition to carbonaceous “food,” microorganisms require certain macronutrients for survival, such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and/or nitrogen, and trace levels of micronutrients such as iron, sulfur, and/or manganese.

Controlled and efficient inclusion and removal of these macro and micronutrients with the waste stream are managed within the treatment process, and may be an important component of its operation with respect to meeting local effluent disposal requirements. Indeed, nutrients required for efficient operation of the treatment process may also contribute to environmental discharge concerns. For example, although certain microorganisms require phosphorus to survive, an excess of phosphorus in the treated waste stream can mandate addition of chemicals to precipitate and then coagulate and flocculate these materials to promote their separation and settling from the effluent to be discharged, whereupon the resulting sludge is commonly disposed of in a landfill.

As these various materials are metabolized by the microorganisms they may reproduce, and the degradable portions of the influent are converted into gases and excess biology. The excess biology may consist of live and/or expired microorganisms and other organic materials, and will generally be disposed of as sludge at the terminal portion of the process. The clear effluent that remains is generally discharged to a local receiving water body.

The microorganisms selected for the elimination of the contaminants in the incoming waste stream may come from many sources. Most waste treatment processes treat their incoming waste with recycled biology populations obtained from a downstream portion of the process. Recycling of these microorganisms is convenient and inexpensive, but unfortunately does not readily lend itself to the customized matching or tailoring of a given biological population to the varying needs of the influent waste stream. The composition, effectiveness, and amounts of the various recycled populations of microorganisms are also affected by the feed composition present when they were generated, so they are especially impacted by changes in the flow compositions or influent concentrations. These problems are exacerbated by the limited amount of flexibility most treatment plants have in manipulating the factors that favor a desired biological population profile. The options frequently are limited to the wasting of a portion of the sludge or some of its associated water chemistry, in an attempt to drive the biological selection process to a particular population balance by controlling the average “age” of the population, balancing the slower growing, more efficient organisms with the faster growing, more responsive organisms.

Partially in response to this need for varied populations, in response to local effluent requirements, and in an effort to accelerate the treatment process, a waste treatment plant may treat the waste stream with a combination of biological environments generally within the secondary treatment portion of the process. While virtually all treatment schemes utilize several major classes of bacteria, including obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, nitrifiers, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes, manipulation of the different environments within the particular scheme favor different classes of bacteria that compete with each other in the course of the treatment process. The results of this competition affect the efficiency of the treatment process and the degree of treatment achieved in the final effluent.

Common to all of these processes, however, is generation of a waste stream of excess biology, generated because new growth exceeds death and decay. In most instances that waste stream also will contain particulate, seemingly non-degradable organic and inorganic material, in addition to the excess biology. Usually, the waste stream is removed as a portion of a solids recycle stream and it is directed to a terminal solids treatment process, thus minimizing the volume of excess waste solids that must be disposed of. The terminal treatment process functions primarily to concentrate and stabilize these materials for disposal and may include further biological treatment (“digestion”) that specifically enhances general death and decay of biomass.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The preceding problems are addressed by the generation and introduction of specific biology populations with modified characteristics in stored substances, such as macro nutrients and carbon-based compounds, and which are customized to optimize waste treatment process by performing specific tasks during the main treatment processes while maintaining minimal solids growth. These bacteria may be grown from specialized mixes of activated sludge and waste influent by exposing these materials to controlled growing environments, e.g., in an isolated off-line treatment area. The controlled growing environment may be used to form phosphorous precipitants from waste effluents, thereby reducing the overall disposal volumes and costs associated with chemical additives.

Generally, in one aspect, the invention provides for the treatment of a waste stream using a growth method that involves conducting a portion of the waste stream to a first treatment vessel and contacting it with a first biological population having a first population profile. The method further involves drawing off a portion of thusly-treated waste stream to an off-line treatment vessel and isolating it. The drawn-off portion is controlled in the off-line treatment vessel to establish a second biological population having a second population profile that is different from the first population profile. The controlling step includes repeatedly solubilizing and precipitating phosphate to create phosphate particles having increasing size.

Embodiments of the invention include controlling the ORP level of the drawn-off portion in the absence of any aeration or mixing thereof to affect biological release of phosphate and the pH level to solubilize phosphate from phosphate-based alkalinity, and precipitating the solubilized phosphate out of solution by aerating to increase the pH level and to cause a biological uptake of phosphorus.

In various embodiments, biologically available carbon is generated through extracellular solubilization and cell destruction, thereby enhancing the phosphorus-uptaking capacity of at least a portion of the second biological population.

A decantable volume having reduced phosphate content can be produced by allowing settling of the drawn-off portion. Because a portion of the phosphorus is precipitated and made unavailable to uptake by phosphorus accumulating organisms (“PAOs”), the PAO population in the off-line treatment vessel has reduced phosphorus content. The method can also include returning a fraction of the drawn-off portion taken from the decantable volume, the returned fraction including a portion of the second population. The amount of treatment chemical required for subsequent removal of phosphate from the decantable volume can be reduced. In various embodiments, the PAO phosphorus content in at least a portion of the decantable volume is reduced.

Precipitation and solubilization of phosphate into solution can be enhanced by the mechanical addition of carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide can be introduced through the respiration of biomass. In some embodiments, the biomass includes the second biological population. In various embodiments, there is no flow between the off-line treatment vessel and the first treatment vessel during the controlling step.

In some embodiments, the controlling step includes altering an ORP level in the drawn-off portion in a predetermined cyclical pattern, i.e. repeatedly increasing and decreasing the ORP level, to create chemically precipitated phosphorus particles having increasing size. These particles are resistant to release into a liquid component of the waste stream in the first treatment vessel upon return of a fraction of the drawn-off portion to the first treatment vessel following contact with the second biological population.

In other embodiments, the controlling step includes altering an ORP level in the drawn-off portion in a predetermined cyclical pattern, i.e. repeatedly increasing and decreasing the ORP level, to facilitate carbon utilization by the PAO, which enhances the second biological population's ability for biological uptake of phosphorus in the first treatment vessel upon return of a fraction of the drawn-off portion to the first treatment vessel. Specifically, repeated cycling of the ORP level in the drawn-off portion allows PAO population to utilize carbon, which is typically unavailable in the main treatment process, to further release and uptake phosphorus released to the liquid component of the waste stream upon contact with the first biological population. This, in turn, enhances second biological population's ability to uptake and hold increased amount of phosphorus when a fraction of the drawn-off portion is returned to the first treatment vessel.

Embodiments of the invention provide for the treatment of a waste stream using growth methods that involve mixing a portion of the stream with activated sludge and then using controlled mixing, air exposure, residence time, and settling sequences to create specialized population profiles. These specialized biological populations have characteristics that are useful for achieving particular desired results when treating the incoming waste, oftentimes in combination with (or as a pre-existing component of) the main treatment process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing discussion will be understood more readily from the following detailed description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a waste treatment process, representing a basic flow sequence that is well-known in the art and to which the present invention may be applied;

FIG. 2 illustrates the ORP ranges in which different types of biology populations tend to predominate; and

FIG. 3 is a schematic depiction of an apparatus that may be used to implement the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The bacteriological populations used to treat wastewater and its residuals may be adjusted and controlled by the off-line manipulation of both an aerobic stress/destruction and a growth environment. Such a growth environment may be conveniently established in process area and equipment that is not regularly used within an existing waste treatment process. For example, an aerobic digester previously used as a terminal solids handling device may be used as an extension of the wet stream treatment process in one or more embodiments of the present invention.

By these means conditions may be generated that favor low solids-yield microorganisms, high removal-efficiency microorganisms, provide high or low load return material for the main treatment process, minimize the formation of filamentous biology, and/or provide for the consumption of residual sludge (to minimize its volume). These and other biological classes may be formed by the methods and apparatus disclosed below. These may also be used to provide enhanced quantities of desirable nutrients, additional oxygenation capacity, increased conversion of particulate carbon to solubilized cBOD, and reductions in disposal volume for certain nutrients that are removed to the atmosphere.

One way to quantify the operating characteristics of a water or wastewater treatment facility is by ORP, the techniques of which are familiar to those skilled in the art. As seen in Table 1, growth of filamentous Norcardia sp. is especially favored in an ORP range of about −50 to +50 mV which range is also typified by low dissolved oxygen content (microaerobic) concurrent with low amounts of soluble cBOD. These preferred conditions for growth and replication of Norcardia sp. result in their enhanced population which gives unfavorable settling and higher yield characteristics to the overall biological population and suspended solids of the main treatment process. Hence, waste treatment plant operation is hindered by maintaining conditions in this microaerophilic range that may be necessitated by high plant throughput rates.

TABLE 1 ORP Range (mV) Example Biology Region Obligate anaerobic <−400 Methanogens Facultative anaerobic −400 to −200 Sulfate reducing bacteria, Acidogens Facultative aerobic −200 to +150 Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp, Microaerophilic −50 to +50 Norcardia sp., Type 1701, Sphaerotilus natans Obligate aerobic  +50 to +200 Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter Condition Aerobic  >+50 Anoxic −150 to +50  Anaerobic <−150

These and other factors may be mitigated by the present invention. For example, a mixture containing certain amounts of waste influent and waste activated sludge may be customized by controlling factors such as solids content, residence time, mixing with air, mixing without air, subsequent addition of influent or sludge, and/or the selective removal of certain fractions of the mixture to achieve certain biological results including the demise of certain biological populations, the enhancement of other, preferred, populations and the modification of the profile in surviving populations different than what is generated during with the on-line process.

The invention may be used in several modes. In the “selector” mode an off-line mixture is customized to provide a particular biological profile for return to the main treatment process that will favor the presence of one or more classes of microorganisms, and disfavor the presence of microorganisms that are adverse to the processing objectives. The desired combination of favorable and unfavorable conditions for growth is obtained in the selector as described herein. When the desired biology is returned to the main treatment process, providing a desired biology population with even a slight population advantage may result in a significant operational enhancement over time, because the competitive balance between the populations will have been shifted.

The invention may also be operated in the “collector” mode, whereby the off-line process is operated as a digester, with the goal of minimizing the yield of solids and collecting these for disposal. Thus, in collector mode, the off-line mixture is concentrated with or without additional treatment. The combined effect of these two modes of operation is minimizing the quantity of residual solids for ultimate disposal beyond what would normally be possible if a system were operated in a conventional fashion while enhancing the performance of the main process.

Elutriation with raw influent waste is one technique that may be used for the generation of specialized biology populations. Traditionally, elutriation as used in waste treatment processes would be for the purpose of reducing the inorganic content of a specific volume of waste solids by dilution with water of a lesser inorganic content (dissolved or undissolved). In the present invention, elutriation involves exchanging the free water of dilution during the selection process to achieve reduced inorganic content while concurrently increasing the organic content of the volume by adsorption and absorption of cBOD from the raw influent waste. This exchange of reduced inorganic content concurrent with increased cBOD is used to strategically favor the formation of the class of biology desired as those classes capable of capture and retention of “food” will have a competitive advantage for growth and replication. Directly related is the technique of strategic introduction of high strength influent flow in the absence of oxygen (air) supply to a given biological population. Introduction of this material during the mixed/unaerated cycle results in a competitive advantage to those species capable of fixing and retaining cBOD and/or NBOD for subsequent growth and replication. The present invention uses these techniques in off-line processes for the specific enhancement of biological populations and provides for their use in the mainstream treatment processes by production of such high strength (high cBOD) streams that may be delivered to the main treatment process under conditions of controlled time, amount, and “introduction environment” to the on-line process. Since the selector process output is returned to the main treatment process, there are no effluent discharge compliance issues that limit how far the process may be pushed, and so the process may be operated to fully maximize the biological results achieved.

Another significant aspect of the invention is the release of carbon, ammonia, and phosphorus in the off-line treatment vessel. What had been incorporated within the biology in the on-tine treatment vessel is released during the extended off-cycle with low ORP. The extended off-cycle generates carbon and nutrient release under conditions favorable to a low-yield, proper settling population. The subsequent re-incorporation of the solubilized carbon, ammonia, and phosphorus unto the second population with improved settling characteristics for return to the on-line treatment vessel.

Customized biological populations may be generated to achieve specific objectives. Example 1 below teaches how to generate a biological population that converts particulate cBOD into soluble cBOD for utilization. The population of organisms selectively enhanced allows for generation of a high cBOD stream to be returned under controlled conditions and for generation of a biological population that has greater capacity for reduction of particulate to soluble cBOD. This is useful to reduce solids content, or to provide food during periods of low influent BOD content to help sustain the existing population of microorganisms. Example 2 below teaches how to generate low-yield bacteria. Use of these microorganisms results in less residual solids formation, such that disposal quantities and costs are reduced. Additionally, the lower solids content results in energy savings since fewer solids need to be processed and transported through the mainstream processes.

The embodiment of Example 3 teaches how to improve the yield characteristics of the whole while concurrently improving nitrification/denitrification capability and capacity. This invention is particularly useful for facilities that have difficulty meeting their environmental effluent discharge requirements for nitrogen content. Example 4 teaches a method for reducing the formation of filamentous biology. These microorganisms are especially troublesome for plant operation and efficiency in that they do not settle well, do not filter well, and are largely gram positive (a general characteristic of high solids yielding species).

Example 5 teaches a method for the off-line minimization of residual solids content, prior to disposal. Operated as a collector subsequent to operation in selector mode, the method of this example may be employed repetitively until further consumption and denitrification is no longer achieved after the residual solids have been minimized by specific selection techniques embodied in the present invention. Example 6 teaches a method for the reduction or optimization of facultative anaerobes profile while monitoring ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrate levels. The method can be used to generate nitrates, which can be used as an oxygenation source in a treatment process.

The embodiment of Example 7 teaches a method to create phosphate particles of increasing size. Use of this technique in a treatment process allows environmental discharge standards to be met using reduced amounts of flocculent/coagulant. Example 8 teaches a method that uses accelerated cycles of high aeration intensity to degrade biological material external to the microbial population. This technique can be used to enhance the results of Example 2.

Lastly, Example 9 teaches a method to generate a process seed having an increased carbon uptake capacity. The resulting seed mixture can be added to a treatment process to facilitate the treatment of a waste stream.

As illustrated in FIG. 2 and in Table 1, various types of microorganisms thrive in environments of different ORP ranges. Dissolved oxygen content is not always indicative of ORP. Other methods may be employed to measure which microorganisms are favored, such as Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR), Specific Nitrogen Uptake Rate (SNUR), pH, phosphorus, ammonia or nitrate content. The operational control of the sequence of conditions by ORP, SOUR, SNUR, pH, phosphorus, ammonia, or nitrate content, or other description of biological conditions is not intended to be all inclusive, limiting, or otherwise required for the implementation of various embodiments.

Also affecting the biological selectivity is the quantity of biological solids present. As waste treatment plant throughput rates increase generally so also do the volumes of residual sludge produced, requiring increased amounts of solids to be sent out for disposal. Increased plant throughput normally is thereby linked to increased disposal requirements. The fixed volume available for processing the influent mandates that the treated materials spend less time within the confines of the treatment process, including the generated solids. However, some plants have additional solids retention capability, thereby altering the ratio of solids to influent and impacting the inherent biological selectivity. This variation in solids content is not known to be of practical usefulness to those who operate waste treatment plants. Control of the fraction of biological solids, and in particular the overall reduction of its amount as a whole is used to advantage by the biological selection process of the invention.

As mentioned earlier, some waste treatment plants supplement the incoming waste flow with nutrients to support the biological treatment processes. For example, as detailed below, the invention may be used to generate high- or low-load return to the treatment plant. Low-load material is typically high in ORP and may be also high in nitrate content, while high-load material is generally low in ORP and may be high in one or more of soluble cBOD, phosphorus, ammonia, and/or organic nitrogen. This choice may be made during selector operation virtually independent of the selection process, allowing these return materials to be strategically chosen and provided to the main treatment process during the appropriate portion of the diurnal cycle.

Nitrogen, commonly present in the form of ammonia or nitrate, can be considered to be another biological nutrient in treatment processes, and sometimes needs to be added to the incoming waste flow. However, using ammonia and nitrate monitoring in addition to pH and ORP analyses allows the control of the nitrogen reactions to be improved. A drop in the ORP level can be used to detect ammonia release from the biomass, and conversely, excessive ammonia release corresponds to an ORP drop that will generate significant sulfate reduction. Ammonia release is also affected by time and increased temperature, in the absence of air and mixing. However, monitoring and control of ammonia and nitrate levels can be used to maximize the ammonia release while preventing excessive sulfate reduction and odor generation, such that the biological selection of facultative anaerobic bacteria profile is optimized while the destruction of an aerobic bacteria profile is optimized for subsequent return to the online waste treatment process.

Notably, the on-line treatment process preferably needs to stay sufficiently aerobic to maintain efficient water quality standards that are low in ammonia, phosphorus, and carbon (CBODs) content. These materials are released when the first population profile is stressed with low ORP environment, as found in the off-line reactor disclosed herein. The materials are released to the surrounding water as a function of the initial population profile stress, destruction, and solubilization of external biological substances. The anoxic and anaerobic environment release of this material for re-growth under low ORP/low yield conditions is generally contrary to aerobic treatment release of these materials under high energy and high yield conditions in the on-line process or the terminal process for solids in aerobic digesters. Thus, the selective destruction referenced above occurs because the biomass profile was formerly unavailable for ammonia formation during aerobic processes. After sufficient ammonia generation has occurred, air is added to raise the ORP and to oxidize the generated ammonia, resulting in nitrate formation. Aeration is generally stopped after a selected period of time, once an increased ORP set point is reached or the pH level begins to decrease. The drop in pH level indicates a loss of alkalinity from ammonia oxidation. It is also caused by the aeration and treatment of organics that were formed while the ammonia was being released. Techniques such as these can be of benefit, for example, in the following situation.

If the treatment plant is underloaded, a low-ORP, high-load return containing organic and nitrogen oxygen demand may be provided to help feed the microorganisms in the aeration process. Conversely, a high-ORP, low-load return might be preferred for times when the plant requires oxygenation assistance, in which case the high nitrate content also may be used to help sustain the facultative biology with combined oxygen (see, e.g., Example 6). In this manner the filamentous microaerophiles are stressed by a reduction in available food and improved free oxygen levels, helping to reduce the organic demand and allowing the aeration process to have sufficient aeration capacity during otherwise high loading periods to attain high ORP conditions in the mainstream process, further discouraging filamentous organisms.

The technique is especially useful for plants that have excessive organic loading and cannot aerate their way beyond or above the preferred filamentous formation range. The combined oxygen contained in the nitrates allows BODs uptake by the facultative anaerobes and reduces the BODs oxidation that must occur with limited free oxygen. The high ORP nitrate return can be used to provide for combined oxygen introduction to immediately start removing BOD/cBOD. (To prevent filament formation, it would be necessary to operate without marginal residual oxygen until the BOD is removed by adsorption, absorption, or conversion to gases, then aerate to ORP levels above the preferred filament formation range.) Without use of the present invention, the steps required to avoid preferential conditions for filamentous organisms would limit the throughput capacity of the treatment plant. The situation is exacerbated at high food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratios, where an ever-increasing amount of dissolved oxygen is required to prevent the formation of filamentous biology.

However, for situations such as these where the aeration system of the main process flow is unable to provide adequate oxygenation to avoid excessive filamentous growth, then the high-nitrate source generated by the invention may be used to supplement the oxygen supply. In this manner the nitrate source may be used during times of peak influent flows to supplement the aeration process, thereby preventing the microaerophiles (filamentous biology) from taking advantage of the low dissolved oxygen conditions. Proper sequencing of the selector operation may thereby be provided to match selector return with the peak demand requirements of the main treatment process. Further benefits may be obtained concurrently by off-line selection against filamentous organisms and/or by selection of biological populations that are both more efficient in their use of oxygen (facultative aerobes) and/or by selection and preferential cultivation of populations that do not require oxygen sources for conversion of cBOD to gases.

Another embodiment of the invention, still operating in selector mode, facilitates minimizing the solids volume a waste treatment plant must send out for disposal. Off-line operating conditions are selected which enhance the population of low-yield organism profile to the equilibrium point where the death and decay of the organisms is offset by the lower yield generation (i.e., the increase in biological solids is balanced by the reduction in overall solids yield), or by operation of the process to accelerate the decay sufficiently to achieve that same equilibrium. This may be achieved by decreasing the ORP to <−150 mV, or preferably to <−200 mV and lower then increasing the ORP to >50 mV, or preferably to >100 mV and higher. The ORP level ranges are dependent on site conditions and may vary from plant to plant. The resulting biological population may then be used to augment the solids of the main process flow resulting in minimization of the solids generated initially and concurrently helping the effluent to comply with discharge water quality requirements.

Elements of the same method may be used to advantage in the collector mode of operation, when a limited amount of non-degradable content is present. This method is detailed in Example 5 below. Operation of the terminal treatment/stabilization process serves to minimize the overall amount of material that must be disposed of by a waste treatment plant. By this method residual solids are converted to solubilized biomass and returned to the main treatment process for consumption. In collector mode, the residual non-solubilized materials are disposed of after maximizing the solids content to achieve minimum solids volume for subsequent processing. The proportional frequency of operating in “selector” mode versus the terminal “collector” mode is determined by the amount of non-degradable content of the influent material to be treated. The number of cycles performed by the collector to concentrate and maximize a given mass of material is limited primarily by the ratio of biological solids to non-degradable materials and by the relative amount of non-degradable content originally present.

Another, albeit indirect, method to reduce solids disposal volumes relates to phosphorus control. Phosphorus is a biological nutrient that can be present in waste treatment streams in amounts greater than allowed by environmental discharge regulations. Chemical additives such as flocculating and coagulating agents are commonly added to solutions containing soluble phosphorus (sometimes in the form of ortho-phosphate), causing the phosphorous particles to precipitate and those particles to floc together out of solution. The addition of these chemical agents for this purpose results in increased sludge disposal volumes, not only because of the resulting phosphate precipitant, but also because it is necessary to dispose of these additives. The invention includes methods to precipitate phosphorus without requiring the use of such additives, if the native water chemistry has other naturally occurring compounds available to generate a precipitate under the cycling conditions between low ORP and high ORP disclosed herein.

Phosphorus precipitation can be accomplished as described below, without requiring the use of flocculating or coagulating agents (see, e.g., Example 7). Re-aeration of a previously un-aerated biological mixture can cause incremental precipitation of previously solubilized phosphate, due to a pH increase caused by carbon dioxide stripping during the aeration cycle. Under the low ORP, non-mixed condition, bacterial respiration continues in a micro-environment of low pH due to the excessive carbon dioxide tbat is not stripped by mixing and aeration. The phosphorus content in the liquid is increased as phosphorus accumulating organisms (“PAOs”) incorporate the carbon that has been solubilized with low ORP. The PAOs continue to respire, releasing phosphorus. Also, very small phosphorus compounds that exist as acid-soluble alkalinity are dissolved and continue raising the phosphorus content in the liquid and lowering the phosphorus content in the solids. When mixed and aerated, there is a rapid increase in pH. The common ion effect of high phosphorus reduces compound solubility and there is a precipitation of phosphorus as a chemical precipitate. Smaller seed particles grow into larger particles with less surface area for a given mass. The reduced surface by mass continues with each successive cycle of solubilization and precipitation caused by the cycling according to various embodiments of the invention. Phosphorus-based alkalinity is less available for release while PAOs have less phosphorus available for biological uptake. Overall, the biological and chemical profiles improve the on-line treatment as the second population of solids is returned to the on-line system. Repeated aeration/non-aeration cycles result in the formation of increasingly larger particles of phosphate-based compounds, beyond the amount that would ordinarily be achieved by just a population of PAOs. Once of sufficient size, these particles can be discarded with the sludge customarily generated by waste treatment processes. However, the sludge volume to be discarded is reduced since this phosphate-based precipitant does not contain the chemical additives used with previous technologies.

Moreover, it is believed that the amount of phosphorus precipitation can be increased by the artificial introduction of carbon dioxide beyond what is achieved through biological respiration. Respiration of the biomass in high-load mixtures produces carbon dioxide that facilitates phosphorus release, and biomass (such as influent or return activated sludge (“RAS”) can be added for this purpose. Since such carbon dioxide release is reduced in low-load mixtures, careful controlled exposure of the phosphorus precipitation reaction to an external source of carbon dioxide can allow the phosphorus release rates of low-load mixtures to approach those of high-load mixtures (see Example 7). Furthermore, even the phosphorus release rates of high-load mixtures can be enhanced by the addition of carbon dioxide. Therefore, for both high- and low-load mixtures, better removal of phosphorus can be achieved with lower overall sludge yield since the process is not limited by a carbon source and natural release of carbon dioxide. Of course, chemical additives can be used in combination with these techniques to further remove solubilized phosphate from treated waste streams.

Principles of the invention can be combined with proprietary (e.g., Example 8) and/or conventional (e.g., Example 9) treatment technologies to achieve synergistic effects. For example, an aeration step is employed in many of the examples provided. Commercially-available online aeration processes such as the ORBAL (trademark of U.S. Filter Corporation, Palm Dessert, Calif.) and Vertical Loop Reactor (“VLR”) (trademark of Envirex Inc., Waukesha, Wis.) technologies expose biological processes to an accelerated cycle of high aeration intensity, followed by anoxic conditions. However, in these processes it is acceptable to introduce an external carbon source such as influent, seed population, or RAS due to the high oxidation demand environment. Since embodiments of the present invention limit carbon source materials to drive the loss of oxidation pressure, the resulting reaction rates of the invention are much slower due to a reduction in the metabolic rate. Therefore, use of the invention in combination with online, pulsed aeration technology such as the ORBAL or VLR processes allows the invention to be practiced at a much higher throughput rate. The selection of facultative anaerobes and degrading of the material external to the microbial population is thereby accelerated.

The principles of the invention can also be combined with conventional processes and techniques commonly used in waste treatment plants to achieve synergistic results. For example, seed materials such as those produced in the Examples below can be combined with an external carbon source (such as influent) and held in an anoxic and/or aerated anoxic condition for an extended period of time. This imparts further stress on the biological mixture and can further improve the biological selection and metabolic uptake of carbon. Addition of this material to an upstream portion of the plant (prior to the biological treatment portion of the plant), such as a flow equalization vessel or a wet well that feeds the coarse removal equipment 110, results in subsequent exposure of the mixture to pumping, screening and degritting operations. Exposure of this mixture to these physical and mechanical stresses, and to subsequent cycling of aerobic and anoxic conditions, enhances the treatment while maintaining the tow yield characteristics of the second population.

Many of the methods summarized above may be conveniently implemented by the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3. Such an apparatus may be conveniently and inexpensively obtained by making slight modifications to old, perhaps unused waste treatment plant equipment, such as an old digester. The apparatus comprises a vessel, such as a tank 130, a supply of waste solids 132, a supply of raw influent 134, a supply of effluent 135, a mixer 136, a supply of air or oxygen 138 (either or both of these may be used effectively), an upper removal device 140 to remove, at varying elevations, volume such as decant from near the surface 142 of the liquid under treatment, and a lower removal device 144 to remove volume from near the bottom of the tank 130. Upper removal device 140 may consist of, for example, a variable-height overflow weir located at the perimeter of the tank 130, or it could be an internal overflow weir with a variable height adjustment. The height adjustment could be achieved by elevating or lowering the inlet end of the weir, or by having multiple input points at varying elevations and blocking off the input points from which the decant flow is not desired, thereby providing for a controllable decant amount. This blocking can be done by various means, automated or not.

The apparatus of the invention, or other equipment suitable for performing the methods of the invention, can generally be used in either the selector mode or the collector mode of the invention. Such equipment can be used to provide an offline, controlled growing environment in which selected biological materials are isolated, sequentially exposed to or isolated from various environmental factors and stimuli, and controlled to promote desired chemical and biochemical results. In many instances these reactions are forced to equilibria not previously achievable in commercial or municipal online processes, by using batch-mode, offline sequential control processes. Use of such techniques in batch processes isolated from the constraints of the continuous flow processes of a conventional waste treatment plant allows such extreme results to be achieved. Batch operations are distinguishable from continuous flow processes in that during processing there are steps or times during which there is no flow of water or biological materials to or from other processes. Of course, treatment using continuous flow processes can also be performed in the equipment of the invention, but the most favorable results are generally achieved when the time constraints of continuous flow processes are avoided by utilizing batch operations. Isolation from the real time constraints of known treatment processes allows extended residence time to be utilized for certain processing steps as required, and as discussed below.

Specific embodiments of the invention may negate the need for one or more of the above-listed requirements, and they may be implemented in different ways. For example, the mixer may be oriented vertically or horizontally, and supported and/or driven from the top, bottom or the side of the vessel or a pump may be used for mixing internally transferring bulk liquid flows from one location to another within the tank. The supply of air or oxygen 138 may be introduced by different means, from above or below the liquid surface, and different input rates can be used. The apparatus described is effective for performing the steps of the methods detailed below.

In operation, the illustrated apparatus serves as an off-line processing environment facilitating growth of customized biological populations. New influent received from the main treatment process via line 134 is judiciously combined with appropriate excess or waste solids to achieve the necessary growth conditions. Decanted liquid obtained from upper removal device 140 is returned as appropriate to the main treatment process. Material including beneficially derived biological populations are removed via lower removal device 144 and returned to the main treatment process when operating in selector mode, or disposed of when operating in collector mode. The following examples may be practiced using a device as discussed above, and are presented for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the application of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The following procedure selects for facultative anaerobes, independent of nitrifiers, at the expense of obligate aerobes, to specifically augment biology that rapidly breaks down particulate cBOD into soluble cBOD for utilization.

-   -   1. Fill tank 130 with a combination of excess activated sludge         and raw influent, providing a nominal suspended solids         concentration of between 3,000 and 5,000 mg/liter.     -   2. Mix contents of tank 130 using mixer 136 without aeration         until the ORP is anaerobic, but not so low as to evoke sulfide         generation by sulfate reducing bacteria, should there be sulfate         present in the raw influent or waste sludge. The mixture can         also settle (without mixing) to accelerate the drop in ORP. This         mixing and settling should last for about 4 to 8 hours.     -   3. Stop the mixing and allow the mixture to settle, providing a         decantable volume of at least 25% of the volume of tank 130.         This will require about 2 to 4 hours.     -   4. Remove the high cBOD, high ammonia, low ORP (“high load”)         decant material via the upper removal device 140 to the plant         treatment process when desired.     -   5. Replace the removed volume with raw influent and repeat steps         2 through 4 until the remaining suspended solids content reaches         7,500 to 10,000 mg/liter. This will generally require between 4         and 10 repetitions of these steps.     -   6. While mixing with mixer 136, return about half of the volume         of tank 130 to the plant treatment process.     -   7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 as necessary.

Example 2

The following procedure selects for facultative anaerobes and aerobes, preserving nitrifiers, at the expense of obligate aerobes, to specifically augment biology low in yield. This is particularly useful for the minimization of residual solids.

-   -   1. Fill tank 130 with a combination of excess activated sludge         and raw influent, providing a nominal suspended solids         concentration of between 5,000 and 7,500 mg/liter.     -   2. Mix contents of tank 130 using mixer 136 without aeration         until the ORP is anaerobic, but not so low as to evoke sulfide         generation by sulfate reducing bacteria, should there be sulfate         in the raw influent or waste sludge. This mixing should last for         between 8 hours and 3 days.     -   3. Continue mixing with mixer 136, and aerate tank 130         “aggressively” until the ORP is >100 mV for 24 hours, >150 mV         for 12 hours, or >200 mV for 4 hours.     -   4. Stop the aeration but continue mixing until the ORP is         anaerobic for at least 48 hours. If the ORP does not continue to         decrease by at least 10 mV per hour, add 3-10% by volume of raw         influent.     -   5. Stop the mixer 136 and allow the contents of tank 130 to         settle, to provide a decantable volume of at least 25% of the         volume of tank 130. This will take approximately 2 to 4 hours.     -   6. If a high load return is desired, decant to the treatment         process.     -   7. If a low load return is desired, aerate the mixture and mix         using mixer 136 until the ORP is >100 mV for 1 hour. Then stop         the mixing and aeration, allow settling and then decant to the         treatment process.     -   8. Replace the decanted volume with excess activated sludge from         the supply of waste solids 132, only as along as the solids         content remains <7,500 mg/liter. If they are higher then dilute         by addition of raw influent.     -   9. Repeat steps 2 through 6 twice.     -   10. While mixing with mixer 136, remove ⅓ of the volume of tank         130 to the treatment plant process.     -   11. Repeat steps 1 through 8 as necessary, taking care to         maintain the suspended solids concentration below 10,000         mg/liter, and preferably at less than 8,000 mg/liter.

Example 3

The following procedure selects for facultative aerobes and nitrifiers to reduce high yield organisms, and improves the nitrification/denitrification capacity. If available, a recycle stream high in ammonia and cBOD content can be used in place of, or in combination with the raw influent, as long as the cBOD (mg/liter) to NH₃-N (mg/liter) ratio is greater than 3. Note that this ratio is referenced to ammonia nitrogen, not Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN).

-   -   1. Fill tank 130 to approximately 75% full with activated sludge         at a suspended solids concentration of between 2,500 and 7,500         mg/liter.     -   2. Mix contents of tank 130 using mixer 136 and with aeration         and/or settle until the ORP is aerobic and the ammonia content         is <0.1 mg/liter.     -   3. Stop the aeration.     -   4. With continued mixing, fill about another 5 to 10% of the         volume of tank 130 with additional raw influent. Monitor the ORP         and nitrate concentrations until the nitrate concentrations are         <0.1 mg/liter. This will take approximately 2 to 4 hours.     -   5. Continue to mix the tank contents, and begin to aerate tank         130 until the ORP is >100 mV for 4 hours, >150 mV for 2 hours,         or >200 mV for 1 hour, and the dissolved oxygen concentration         is >3.0 mg/liter for about 1 hour.     -   6. Stop the mixing and aeration for at least 4 hours, or until         the observed dissolved oxygen concentration is <0.2 mg/liter,         whichever is longer.     -   7. Repeat steps 4 through 6 two more times.     -   8. Remove the top 25% of the volume of tank 130, as decant. If         there are suspended solids within this 25%, remove them also.     -   9. Repeat steps 4 through 8.     -   10. Restart the mixing, and remove another 25% of the tank         volume to the plant treatment process.     -   11. Replace the volume removed in step 10 with excess activated         sludge, maintaining the solids concentration at <7,500 mg/liter.         If necessary, add additional raw influent to keep the solids         concentration below this level.     -   12. Repeat steps 2 through 11 as necessary.

Example 4

The following procedure selects for facultative anaerobes and facultative aerobes, to generate a low yield biology population. It disfavors the formation of filamentous biology, such as Norcardia sp.

-   -   1. Fill tank 130 to at least 90% full with excess activated         sludge, providing a nominal suspended solids concentration of         between 3,000 and 10,000 mg/Liter. Dilute the mixture with raw         influent as required to keep the solids content below 10,000         mg/liter. Any dilution required may be done with plant effluent         or mixed liquor from the main process flow, but the use of raw         influent is preferred.     -   2. Mix contents of tank 130 and/or settle using mixer 136         without aeration until the ORP is anaerobic, but not so low as         to evoke sulfide generation by sulfate reducing bacteria, should         there be sulfate present in the raw influent or waste sludge.         This mixing could last for between 8 hours and 3 days, depending         upon the ambient temperature and the temperature of the mixture.         If the ORP stabilizes at over −200 mV then add 5% by volume of         raw influent to the mixture, white mixing with mixer 136.     -   3. Turn off the mixing and wait for 48 hours, but mix the         contents for a one hour period after 24 hours have passed. This         needs to be done without aeration.     -   4. After the 48 hour period, resume mixing with mixer 136 and         aerate the contents of tank 130 “aggressively” until the ORP         is >100 mV for 16 hours, >150 mV for 8 hours, or >200 mV for 4         hours.     -   5. Repeat steps 2 through 4.     -   6. Stop the mixing and aeration and allow the contents to settle         for not more than 2 hours.     -   7. Remove to the treatment process all of the decantable volume,         or 20% of the volume of tank 130, whichever is less.     -   8. Add raw influent to tank 130 until it is 90% full. If         necessary, add excess activated sludge to maintain solids         concentration above 5,000 mg/liter.     -   9. Repeat steps 2 through 7.     -   10. While mixing with mixer 136, remove ⅓ of the volume of tank         130 to the plant treatment process.     -   11. Repeat steps 1 through 10 as necessary, taking care to         maintain the suspended solids concentration below 10,000         mg/liter, and preferably at less than 8,000 mg/liter.

Example 5

The following procedure explains how to operate the invention as a collector. Contrasted with the method of Example 2 above, the primary objective of this method is to minimize the disposal volume of any residual solids, rather than to provide a low-yield biology population for return to the waste treatment process.

-   -   1. Fill tank 130 with a combination of activated sludge and raw         influent, to provide a suspended solids concentration of between         5,000 and 7,500 mg/liter.     -   2. Mix contents of tank 130 using mixer 136 without aeration         and/or settle until the ORP is anaerobic, but not so low as to         evoke sulfide generation by sulfate reducing bacteria, should         there be sulfate in the raw influent or waste sludge. This         mixing could last between 8 hours and 3 days.     -   3. Start or continue mixing with mixer 136, and aerate tank 130         “aggressively” until the ORP is >100 mV for 24 hours, >150 mV         for 12 hours, or >200 mV for 4 hours.     -   4. Stop the aeration but continue mixing until the ORP is         anaerobic for at least 24 hours. When the ORP is no longer         decreasing by at least 10 mV per hour, proceed to the next step.     -   5. Stop the mixing and allow the tank contents to settle,         providing the maximum decantable volume achievable within 24         hours.     -   6. If a high load return is desired, then remove the decant to         the treatment process.     -   7. If low load return is desired, then aerate the mixture and         mix with mixer 136, and maintain this until the ORP is >100 mV         for a period of 1 hour. Then stop the mixing and aeration, allow         the mixture to settle to obtain the maximum decant amount         available as may be indicated by laboratory settleometer, and         then decant the low load material to the treatment process.     -   8. Replace the decanted volume with activated sludge of the         highest available solids content.     -   9. Repeat steps 2 through 6 until no further decant material is         generated upon settling, taking care to not fill the top 5-10%         of the volume in tank 130 with solids.     -   10. In a laboratory settleometer, without substantial aeration,         mix for 1 hour a sample consisting 90% of a representative         sample of the material contained in tank 130, plus 10% effluent.         Allow the mixture to settle for 24 hours. If the volume of         settled solids is less than 90% proceed to step 9 for further         treatment. Otherwise, remove the contents of tank 130 to the         solids disposal process as appropriate.     -   11. Add effluent to fill tank 130. Mix the contents with mixer         136 for between 1 and 4 hours, taking care to not aerate the         mixture.     -   12. Stop the mixing and allow the tank contents to settle.         Decant all available liquid.     -   13. Repeat steps 8 through 10 until there is no further increase         in solids concentration, whereupon the solids mixture is ready         for disposal.

Example 6

The following procedure optimizes the facultative anaerobe profile and includes monitoring levels of ORP and pH with ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrate. Nitrate for use in a treatment process can be generated using this method.

-   -   1. Proceed through the steps 1-10 of Example 4 such that, using         procedures set forth therein, develop an acclimated biomass with         a low yield facultative anaerobe population profile in the         off-line reactor.     -   2. Following step 10, add a raw influent to tank 130 until it is         about 90% full.     -   3. Mix contents using mixer 136 without aeration. Mix for 15         minutes after the raw influent is finished being added.     -   4. Mix daily for no greater than 15 minutes as ORP decreases         below −100 mV.     -   5. Check ammonia and phosphorus release at each daily mixing.     -   6. As ORP drops below the negative set point less than −200 mV,         while tank 130 is mixed, check ammonia and phosphorus         concentration.     -   7. Once ammonia and phosphorus has stabilized between samples         with less than about 5 mg/L change, start mixer 136.     -   8. Once mixer 136 has operated for 30 minutes or longer, start         aeration.     -   9. Continue aeration and mixing until ORP is greater than +50 mV         or timed duration for the nitrification cycle reaches a set         point. Check ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrate levels. If ammonia         is greater than 10 mg/L, continue aeration. If ammonia is less         than about 10 mg/L, aeration is optional. Adjust an ORP set         point for nitrification cycle. If the ammonia concentration is         below 5 mg/L, confine set points, and continue with off cycle.         Check nitrate level.     -   10. If aeration continues past step 9 and if pH decreases more         than 0.2 s.u., stop aeration. Check ammonia, phosphorus, and         nitrate levels with operating set points of pH, ORP, and time         duration.     -   11. While mixer 136 is still operating, return no more than a         third of the tank volume to the on-line process.     -   12. Add excess activated sludge to tank 130 until it is 90%         full, and repeat steps 3 through 11. When necessary, add new         influent to maintain solids concentration below 10,000 mg/L or         to accelerate the decrease in ORP.

Example 7

The following procedure can be utilized to create phosphate particles of increasing size. Use of this technique in a treatment process allows environmental discharge standards for effluent phosphorus control to be met while maintaining a low sludge yield profile and reducing the amount of chemical addition for phosphorus precipitation.

-   -   1. Proceed through the steps of Example 6.     -   2. Continue to extend off-cycle times if phosphorus release         continues between sampling (greater than 5 mg/L per sample         time).     -   3. Check ORP negative step point with phosphorus release. Once         phosphorus release is stable or sulfate reduction is excessive,         based on odor generation at mixing and aeration, move to step 4.     -   4. Turn on mixer 136 for no greater than about 15 minutes; turn         on aeration cycle until pH level indicates a 0.2 S.U. decrease.     -   5. While mixer 136 is still operating, return no more than ¼ of         the tank volume to the on-line treatment process.     -   6. Add excess activated sludge to tank 130 until it is 90% full,         and repeat steps 2 through 5. When necessary, add new influent         to maintain solids concentration below 10,000 mg/L or to         accelerate the decrease in ORP.

Example 8

The following procedure uses accelerated cycles of high aeration intensity to degrade biological material external to the microbial population. This technique can be used to enhance the results of Example 2

-   -   1. Proceed through the steps of Example 2 with modified control         procedure as set forth in Example 6.     -   2. Couple off-stream reactor with the on-line pulsed aeration         process found in oxidation ditches and vertical loop reactors.     -   3. Ensure the off-line tank contents are returned to the on-line         process by mixing directly with the raw influent prior to the         on-line treatment process.

Example 9

The following procedure generates a process seed having an increased carbon uptake capacity. The resulting seed mixture can be added to a treatment process to facilitate the treatment of a waste stream.

-   -   1. Proceed through the steps of Example 6 to maximize the         facultative anaerobic profile with high nitrate discharge.     -   2. Return seed to the Biological Phosphorus Removal zone of the         on-line process. The on-line process of anaerobic and anoxic         zones provides for high carbon uptake with a seed population         that has been optimized for high carbon uptake.

By the above it can be seen that a highly useful apparatus and methods have been developed for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of waste treatment plant operations, both in terms of improving their existing treatment processes, and for minimizing the amount of waste disposal volumes to be managed. The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. 

1. A method of treating a waste stream, the method comprising the steps of: a. conducting at least a portion of the waste stream to a first treatment vessel for treatment comprising contact with a first biological population having a first population profile; b. drawing off a portion of the waste stream to an off-line treatment vessel; and c. controlling the drawn-off portion of the waste stream in the off-line treatment vessel so as to establish, in the drawn-off portion, a second biological population having a second population profile different from the first population profile, and repeatedly solubilizing and precipitating phosphate to create phosphate particles having increasing size wherein, during the controlling step, there is no flow from the off-line treatment vessel to the first treatment vessel.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein, in the controlling step, the solubilizing and precipitating of phosphate comprises: a. controlling an ORP level in the drawn-off portion in the absence of aeration and mixing thereof to obtain a reduced pH level to solubilize phosphate from phosphorous-based alkalinity; and b. precipitating the solubilized phosphate out of solution by aerating the drawn-off portion to increase a pH level thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising, during step (a), causing generation of biologically available carbon through extracellular solubilization and cell destruction thereby enhancing a phosphorus-uptaking capacity of at least a portion of the second biological population when re-aerating the mixture.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the controlling step includes allowing settling to produce a decantable volume having a reduced biological phosphate content.
 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of returning a fraction of the drawn-off portion to the first treatment vessel following contact with the second biological population, the returned fraction including a portion of the second biological population being enhanced for biological phosphorus uptake, the fraction of the drawn-off portion conducted to the first treatment vessel being taken from the decantable volume.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein an amount of treatment chemical required for subsequent removal of phosphate from the decantable volume is reduced.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the PAO phosphorus content in at least a portion of the decantable volume is reduceable.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein solubilizing and precipitating of phosphate is facilitated by the addition of carbon dioxide.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the carbon dioxide is introduced through respiration of a biomass.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the biomass comprises the second biological population.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) comprises altering an ORP level in the drawn-off portion in a predetermined cyclical pattern to create chemically precipitated phosphorus particles having increasing size, the particles being resistant to release into a liquid component of the waste stream in the first treatment vessel upon return of a fraction of the drawn-off portion to the first treatment vessel following contact with the second biological population.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) comprises altering an ORP level in the drawn-off portion in a predetermined cyclical pattern to facilitate carbon utilization by the PAO, thereby enhancing the second biological population for biological uptake of phosphorus in the first treatment vessel upon return of a fraction of the drawn-off portion to the first treatment vessel, the phosphorus being released into a liquid component of the waste stream following contact with the first biological population.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlling step comprises a controlled addition of a further portion of the waste stream into the off-line treatment vessel.
 14. A method of treating a waste stream, the method comprising the steps of: a. conducting at least a portion of the waste stream to a first treatment vessel for treatment comprising contact with a first biological population having a first population profile; b. drawing off a portion of the waste stream to an off-line treatment vessel; c. isolating the drawn-off portion of the waste stream; and d. controlling the drawn-off portion of the waste stream in the off-line treatment vessel so as to establish, in the drawn-off portion, a second biological population having a second population profile different from the first population profile, and repeatedly solubilizing and precipitating phosphate to create phosphate particles having increasing size, wherein, during the controlling step, there is no flow between the off-line treatment vessel and the first treatment vessel. 